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Communication is a complex process that involves behavior and enable individuals to relate to others and the world around him. According to Potter and Perry (1993), communication occurs at three levels of intrapersonal, interpersonal and public.
Interpersonal communication is the interaction that occurs between at least two people or in small groups, particularly in nursing. Healthy interpersonal communication allows for problem solving, ideas, decision making, and personal growth. According to Potter and Perry (1993), Swansburg (1990), Szilagyi (1984), and Tappen (1995) there are three types of verbal communication, tertulisa and non-verbal manifested in therapeutic.
A. VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Type of communication most commonly used in nursing service in hospitals is the exchange of information primarily verbally face to face talks. Verbal communication is usually more accurate and timely. The word word is a tool or symbol used to express ideas or feelings, evoke an emotional response, or describe the object, observation and memory. Often also to convey a hidden meaning, and test one's interests. The advantage of verbal communication in face to face that allows each individual to respond directly. Effective verbal communication should:
1. Clear and concise
Effective communication should be simple, short and direct. The fewer words used the less likelihood of confusion. Clarity can be achieved by speaking slowly and clearly pronounce. Use examples to make the explanation easier to understand. Repeat important part of the message. Acceptance of the message needs to know what, why, how, when, who and where. Compact, by using words to express simple ideas.
Example: "Tell me where your pain" better than "I want you to describe to me the part you feel uncomfortable."
2. Treasury says
Communication does not work, if the sender of the message is not able to translate words and phrases. Many technical terms used in nursing and medicine, and if it is used by the nurse, the client can become confused and unable to follow directions or to learn important information. Speak your message is understood by the term client. Instead of saying "Sit down, while I would mengauskultasi your lungs" would be better to say "Sit down while I was listening to your lungs".
3. Denotative and connotative meanings
Denotative meaning gives the same sense of the word is used, whereas the connotative meaning of the thoughts, feelings or ideas contained in a word. Client understood the word serious as a condition close to death, but the nurse will use a critical word to describe the state of near death. When communicating with clients, nurses must carefully choose the words that are not easy to incorrectly interpreted, particularly important when explaining the purpose of therapy, treatment and condition of the client.
4. Break and a chance to talk
The speed and tempo of the right to speak helped determine the success of verbal communication. A long pause and a quick transfer to another subject may lead to the impression that the nurse was hiding something to the client. Nurses should not speak so quickly that the words are not clear. Pauses should be used to emphasize certain things, giving the listener time to listen and understand the meaning of the word.
Appropriate pauses can be done by thinking about what to say before you say it, listening to nonverbal cues from the audience that might indicate. Nurses also can ask the audience if he speaks too slowly or too fast and need to be repeated.
5. Time and relevance
The right time is very important to get the message. When the client was crying in pain, no time to explain the risk of surgery. Despite a clear spoken message and a brief, but not the right time can prevent receiving messages accurately. Therefore, nurses must be sensitive to the precise time to communicate. Similarly, verbal communication will be more meaningful if the message related to the interests and needs of clients.
6. Humor
Dugan (1989) says that laughter helps pengurangi tension and pain caused by stress, and increase the success of nurses in providing emotional support to clients. Sullivan and Deane (1988) reported that humor stimulates the production of catecholamines and the hormones that cause the feeling healthy, increase tolerance to pain, reduce anxiety, facilitate relaxation breathing and use humor to mask her fear and discomfort, or cover up lack ability to communicate with clients.
B. NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Non-verbal communication is the transfer of messages without using katakata. Is the most convincing way to convey the message to others. Nurses should be aware of verbal messages and non-verbally communicated clients ranging from the assessment to the evaluation of nursing care, because non-verbal cues to add meaning to the verbal message. The nurse who mendektesi a condition and determine the needs of nursing care.
Non-verbal communication observed in:
1. Metakomunikasi
Communication is not only dependent on the message but also on the relationship between the speaker with his interlocutor. Metakomunikasi is a comment on the content of the conversation and the nature of the relationship between the talk, that is the message in the messages that convey attitudes and feelings of the sender to the listeners. Example: smile when you're angry.
2. Personal Appearance
One's appearance is one of the first things noticed during interpersonal communication. The first impression rose in 20 seconds to 4 minutes. Eighty-four percent of the impression of seserang based on appearance (Lalli Ascosi, 1990 in Potter and Perry, 1993). Physical form, how to dress smartly dressed and show personality, social status, pekrjaan, religion, culture and self-concept. The nurse who noticed her appearance may cause a professional image and positive.
Physical appearance affects perceptions of nurses to service client / nursing care received, because each client has the image of what a nurse should look. Although appearance is not fully reflect the ability of nurses, but may be more difficult for nurses to foster a sense of trust to the client if the nurse does not meet the client's image.
3. Intonation (Voice Tone)
Speaker's tone has a significant impact on the meaning of messages sent, because the emotions a person can directly affect the tone of his voice. Nurses should be aware of their emotions while interacting with clients, because the intention to equate rsa genuine interest to clients can be blocked by the nurse's tone.
4. Facial expression
The results of a study showing six major emotional state through facial expressions look: surprise, fear, anger, disgust, happy and sad. Facial expressions are often used as an important basis in determining interpesonal opinion. Eye contact is very important in interpersonal communication. People who maintain eye contact during conversation expressed as a trustworthy person, and allow to become a good observer. Nurses should not look down while talking with clients, so when speaking should sit so that nurses do not appear dominant when making eye contact with the client conducted in parallel.
5. Posture and the steps
Posture and steps illustrate attitudes; emos, self-concept and physical condition. Nurses can mengumpilkan useful information by observing posture and move the client. Steps can be influenced by physical factors such as pain, medication, or a fracture.
6. Touches
Affection, dudkungan emotional, and interest conveyed through touch. The touch is an important part in the nurse-client relationship, but must pay attention to the social norm. When providing nursing care, nurses touching clients, such as bathing, doing a physical exam, or helping to dress. Be aware that a client's illness depends on the nurse to make interpersonal contacts so hard to avoid the touch. Bradley & Edinburgh (1982) and Wilson & Kneisl (1992) stated that although a touch more useful when helping a client, but it should be noted whether the use of touch can be understood and accepted by the client, so that should be done with sensitivity and caution.
Interpersonal communication is the interaction that occurs between at least two people or in small groups, particularly in nursing. Healthy interpersonal communication allows for problem solving, ideas, decision making, and personal growth. According to Potter and Perry (1993), Swansburg (1990), Szilagyi (1984), and Tappen (1995) there are three types of verbal communication, tertulisa and non-verbal manifested in therapeutic.
A. VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Type of communication most commonly used in nursing service in hospitals is the exchange of information primarily verbally face to face talks. Verbal communication is usually more accurate and timely. The word word is a tool or symbol used to express ideas or feelings, evoke an emotional response, or describe the object, observation and memory. Often also to convey a hidden meaning, and test one's interests. The advantage of verbal communication in face to face that allows each individual to respond directly. Effective verbal communication should:
1. Clear and concise
Effective communication should be simple, short and direct. The fewer words used the less likelihood of confusion. Clarity can be achieved by speaking slowly and clearly pronounce. Use examples to make the explanation easier to understand. Repeat important part of the message. Acceptance of the message needs to know what, why, how, when, who and where. Compact, by using words to express simple ideas.
Example: "Tell me where your pain" better than "I want you to describe to me the part you feel uncomfortable."
2. Treasury says
Communication does not work, if the sender of the message is not able to translate words and phrases. Many technical terms used in nursing and medicine, and if it is used by the nurse, the client can become confused and unable to follow directions or to learn important information. Speak your message is understood by the term client. Instead of saying "Sit down, while I would mengauskultasi your lungs" would be better to say "Sit down while I was listening to your lungs".
3. Denotative and connotative meanings
Denotative meaning gives the same sense of the word is used, whereas the connotative meaning of the thoughts, feelings or ideas contained in a word. Client understood the word serious as a condition close to death, but the nurse will use a critical word to describe the state of near death. When communicating with clients, nurses must carefully choose the words that are not easy to incorrectly interpreted, particularly important when explaining the purpose of therapy, treatment and condition of the client.
4. Break and a chance to talk
The speed and tempo of the right to speak helped determine the success of verbal communication. A long pause and a quick transfer to another subject may lead to the impression that the nurse was hiding something to the client. Nurses should not speak so quickly that the words are not clear. Pauses should be used to emphasize certain things, giving the listener time to listen and understand the meaning of the word.
Appropriate pauses can be done by thinking about what to say before you say it, listening to nonverbal cues from the audience that might indicate. Nurses also can ask the audience if he speaks too slowly or too fast and need to be repeated.
5. Time and relevance
The right time is very important to get the message. When the client was crying in pain, no time to explain the risk of surgery. Despite a clear spoken message and a brief, but not the right time can prevent receiving messages accurately. Therefore, nurses must be sensitive to the precise time to communicate. Similarly, verbal communication will be more meaningful if the message related to the interests and needs of clients.
6. Humor
Dugan (1989) says that laughter helps pengurangi tension and pain caused by stress, and increase the success of nurses in providing emotional support to clients. Sullivan and Deane (1988) reported that humor stimulates the production of catecholamines and the hormones that cause the feeling healthy, increase tolerance to pain, reduce anxiety, facilitate relaxation breathing and use humor to mask her fear and discomfort, or cover up lack ability to communicate with clients.
B. NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Non-verbal communication is the transfer of messages without using katakata. Is the most convincing way to convey the message to others. Nurses should be aware of verbal messages and non-verbally communicated clients ranging from the assessment to the evaluation of nursing care, because non-verbal cues to add meaning to the verbal message. The nurse who mendektesi a condition and determine the needs of nursing care.
Non-verbal communication observed in:
1. Metakomunikasi
Communication is not only dependent on the message but also on the relationship between the speaker with his interlocutor. Metakomunikasi is a comment on the content of the conversation and the nature of the relationship between the talk, that is the message in the messages that convey attitudes and feelings of the sender to the listeners. Example: smile when you're angry.
2. Personal Appearance
One's appearance is one of the first things noticed during interpersonal communication. The first impression rose in 20 seconds to 4 minutes. Eighty-four percent of the impression of seserang based on appearance (Lalli Ascosi, 1990 in Potter and Perry, 1993). Physical form, how to dress smartly dressed and show personality, social status, pekrjaan, religion, culture and self-concept. The nurse who noticed her appearance may cause a professional image and positive.
Physical appearance affects perceptions of nurses to service client / nursing care received, because each client has the image of what a nurse should look. Although appearance is not fully reflect the ability of nurses, but may be more difficult for nurses to foster a sense of trust to the client if the nurse does not meet the client's image.
3. Intonation (Voice Tone)
Speaker's tone has a significant impact on the meaning of messages sent, because the emotions a person can directly affect the tone of his voice. Nurses should be aware of their emotions while interacting with clients, because the intention to equate rsa genuine interest to clients can be blocked by the nurse's tone.
4. Facial expression
The results of a study showing six major emotional state through facial expressions look: surprise, fear, anger, disgust, happy and sad. Facial expressions are often used as an important basis in determining interpesonal opinion. Eye contact is very important in interpersonal communication. People who maintain eye contact during conversation expressed as a trustworthy person, and allow to become a good observer. Nurses should not look down while talking with clients, so when speaking should sit so that nurses do not appear dominant when making eye contact with the client conducted in parallel.
5. Posture and the steps
Posture and steps illustrate attitudes; emos, self-concept and physical condition. Nurses can mengumpilkan useful information by observing posture and move the client. Steps can be influenced by physical factors such as pain, medication, or a fracture.
6. Touches
Affection, dudkungan emotional, and interest conveyed through touch. The touch is an important part in the nurse-client relationship, but must pay attention to the social norm. When providing nursing care, nurses touching clients, such as bathing, doing a physical exam, or helping to dress. Be aware that a client's illness depends on the nurse to make interpersonal contacts so hard to avoid the touch. Bradley & Edinburgh (1982) and Wilson & Kneisl (1992) stated that although a touch more useful when helping a client, but it should be noted whether the use of touch can be understood and accepted by the client, so that should be done with sensitivity and caution.
